Authentication vs. Authorization: A gereral Tip.

It is easy to confuse the mechanism of authentication with that of authorization. In many host-based systems (and even some client/server systems), the two mechanisms are performed by the same physical hardware and, in some cases, the same software.

It is important to draw the distinction between these two mechanisms, however, since they can (and, one might argue, should) be performed by separate systems.

What, then, distinguishes these two mechanisms from one another?

Authentication is the mechanism whereby systems may securely identify their users. Authentication systems provide an answers to the questions:

• Who is the user?
  
• Is the user really who he/she represents himself to be?

An authentication system may be as simple (and insecure) as a plain-text password challenging system (as found in some older PC-based FTP servers) or as complicated as the Kerberos system described elsewhere in these documents. In all cases, however, authentication systems depend on some unique bit of information known (or available) only to the individual being authenticated and the authentication system -- a shared secret. Such information may be a classical password, some physical property of the individual (fingerprint, retinal vascularization pattern, etc.), or some derived data (as in the case of so-called smartcard systems). In order to verify the identity of a user, the authenticating system typically challenges the user to provide his unique information (his password, fingerprint, etc.) -- if the authenticating system can verify that the shared secret was presented correctly, the user is considered authenticated.

Authorization, by contrast, is the mechanism by which a system determines what level of access a particular authenticated user should have to secured resources controlled by the system. For example, a database management system might be designed so as to provide certain specified individuals with the ability to retrieve information from a database but not the ability to change data stored in the datbase, while giving other individuals the ability to change data. Authorization systems provide answers to the questions:

• Is user X authorized to access resource R?
  
• Is user X authorized to perform operation P?
  
• Is user X authorized to perform operation P on resource R?

Authentication and authorization are somewhat tightly-coupled mechanisms -- authorization systems depend on secure authentication systems to ensure that users are who they claim to be and thus prevent unauthorized users from gaining access to secured resources.